Indus Script

Welcome to Indus Script.

A collaborative project to decipher the Indus script.

Dravidian is the prime candidate for the elite language of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), known in Mesopotamia as Meluḫḫa.

Traces of the Meluhhan language are attested as loan words in Mesopotamia, including words for IVC imports such as pīlu (ivory) and eḷḷu (sesame oil), cognates with Dravidian.^[1]^[2] Dravidian loan words are also found in the Rig Veda, which was composed in north west India circa 1500-1000 BCE.^[3]

The word Meluḫḫa (also pronounced melukhkha) is possibly cognate with the words mleccha and milakkha, words initially used by Indo-Aryan speakers to refer to foreign speech. Later literature explicitly relates milakkha languages with Dravidian languages such as Tamil.

Following the pioneering works of Steven Bonta and Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, the Indus Script is unlikely to encode normal human language, and most probably encodes metrology related information. Readers are recommended to familiarise themselves with the works of both these scholars.

Despite this, individual symbols are still likely to have linguistic meaning. This project aims to collate all plausible meanings of the various Indus symbols and to correlate them with known Dravidian words.

Project coordinator - Dr. Karan Damodaram Pillai (School of Oriental and African Studies).

Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal

Akkadian Empire cylinder seal with inscription: "Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the language of Meluhha": "Meluhha" appears with the standard cuneiform as 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luḫ-ḫa^KI, "KI" standing for "country").^[4] Louvre Museum, reference AO 22310.^[5]

Asko Parpola (Deciphering the Indus Script) sign list[edit | edit source]

Sign 1[edit | edit source]

Sign 1
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Porter, carrier, bearer, kāvaṭi, man carrying two burdens	kā 1417 Ta. kā pole with ropes hung on each end, used to carry loads on the shoulder; lever or beam for a well-sweep, lever of a steelyard; kāvaṭi pole used for carrying burdens; kāvu (kāvi-) to carry on the shoulder (as a palanquin, a pole with weight at each end), bear anything heavy on the arms or on the head; kāvuvōr palanquin-bearers. Ma. kāvu, kāvaṭi split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens; kāvuka, kāvikka to carry on a pole. Ka. kāgaḍi, kāvaḍi bamboo lath or pole provided with slings at each end for the conveyance of pitchers, etc. Tu. kāvaḍi split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens across the shoulders. Te. kāvaṭi, kāvaḍi yoke or pole with a sling attached to each end, placed upon the shoulder for carrying burdens; kã̄ḍi, (VPK) kāḍi, kāḍimānu, kāḍimāku, kāṇḍi, kāṇi, kāni, kāvaḍi yoke of plough, etc. Kol. (Kin.) kāvaṛi carrying yoke. Pa. kāñ- to carry with carrying yoke; kācal carrying yoke. Ga. (Oll.) kã̄j-, kāñ- to carry with carrying yoke; (S.) kānj- to carry on the shoulders; (Oll. S.) kāsal carrying yoke. Go. (Tr. Ph. SR.) kānjānā, (G. Mu. Ma. Ko.) kānj- to carry on the shoulders (Voc. 624); (Y.) kāvṛi, (Ma.) kāveṛi, (G.) kāviṛ(i), (Ko.) kāveṛ, (A.) kāhaṛi carrying yoke (Voc. 660). Konḍa (Sova dial.) kāsa the shaft of a kāvṛi; (BB) kānj carrying yoke. Pe. kavṛi id. Manḍ. kavṛi id. Kui kāsa pole or stick carried on the shoulder from the ends of which loads are suspended and carried; (K., Mah. p. 77) kānju carrying yoke. Kuwi (Su.) kānju (pl. kāska) id.; (F.) kāca banghi-pole; kānjū (pl. kāska) a banghi. ? Kur. xāxō a triangular frame made by folding a bamboo stem (used in pairs for carrying logs.) ? Malt. qowe to carry or lift on the shoulders. / Cf. Skt. kāca-, kāja-, Pali kāca-, kāja-, Pkt. kāa- a yoke to support burdens; Pkt. kāvaḍa- carrying yoke, kāvaḍia- one who carries burdens with yoke; H. kāwaṛ, etc. carrying yoke; Turner, CDIAL, nos. 3009, 3011, and (part of) 2760. DED (S, N) 1193. Bearer: 4565 Ta. poṟu (-pp-, -tt-) to bear, sustain, endure, tolerate, excuse, take responsibility, wear; be patient; poṟuti patience, pardon; poṟuppi (-pp-, -tt-) to cause to rest on, prop, sustain, cause to bear; poṟuppu pressure, burden, prop, responsibility, patience; poṟumai self-control, patience, endurance; poṟai burden, load, weight, patience, meekness, pregnancy; poṟaimai patience; poṟaiyaṉ sustainer; poṟāmai envy, jealousy, impatience. Ma. poṟukka to bear, sustain, tolerate, pardon, abide, stay, recover, heal; poṟuti patience, endurance, pardon, subsistence, cohabitation, relief; poṟuppikka to render tolerable, alleviate, sustain (as a wife); poṟuma patience; poṟāyma impatience, eagerness; pōṟu bearing. Ko. por- (poṯ-) to carry or take in arms, (water) bears up (something), obey the words of; porv- (port-) to endure; or- (oṯ-) to carry, undertake, obey; porla·r- (porla·ry-) to be able to endure; per burden. To. pïṟ- (pïṯ-) to carry; pïṟf- (pïṟt-) to endure, be patient; wïṟ- (wït-) to undertake, hold, carry (< Badaga); paṟ a load. Ka. poṟ (pott-) to take upon or bear on the head, bear (as a burden), carry, support, hold up, undertake, endure; poṟige act of taking upon the head, etc., undertaking, burden, business; poṟe a load, burden, measure, size. Koḍ. porï- (porïp-, porït-) to carry; pore a load; porïd- (porïdi-) to undertake an office (mudre). Tu. pudè load, burden. Go. (G.) por- to load (Voc. 2401). Cf. 4446 Ta. piṟakku. DED(S, N) 3729.

Sign 2[edit | edit source]

Sign 2
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	kāvaṭi - 3 legged variant	See sign 1.

Sign 3[edit | edit source]

Sign 3
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Sign 1 + Sign 189 combined (kāvaṭi + arrow)	See signs 1 and 189.

Sign 4[edit | edit source]

Sign 4
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Sign 1 + Sign 311 combined (kāvaṭi + jar)	See signs 1 and 311.

Sign 5[edit | edit source]

Sign 5
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words

Sign 6[edit | edit source]

Sign 6
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words

Sign 7[edit | edit source]

Sign 7
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Buffalo head Deity	Kaṇṭaṉ/kaṇṭi (Warrior/Buffalo bull) DEDR 1173 (1) kaṇṭaṉ (p. 111) kaṇṭaṉ 1173 Ta. kaṇṭaṉ warrior, husband; kaṇṭi buffalo bull; kaṇavaṉ husband; keṇṭaṉ robust, stout man; kiṇṭaṉ fat man, strong person. Ma. kaṇṭan the male, esp. of cat; kaṇavan husband; kiṇṭan big; a stout, bulky fellow; kiṇṭappan a stout and robust person. Ko. gaṇḍ male. To. koḍṇ Badaga husband. Ka. gaṇḍu strength, manliness, bravery; the male sex, a male, man; gaṇḍa a strong, manly male person, a husband; strength, greatness; gaṇḍasa, gaṇḍasu, gaṇḍusa, gaṇḍusu male person; gaṇḍike prowess; gaṇḍiga a valiant man; (Hav.) geṇḍã husband; geṇḍu male. Koḍ. kaṇḍë male (of dogs and other animals, mostly wild; not of cats). Tu. gaṇḍu male, valiant, stout; gaṇḍusu husband; gaṇḍůkāyi, gaṇḍůstana, gaṇḍastana manliness; garṇḍāḷů a stalwart man, giant; kaṇḍaṇi, kaṇḍaṇye husband; gaṇṭè, gaṇṭapuccè male cat; (Bhattacharya, brahmin dial.) kaṇṭe id. Te. gaṇḍu bravery, strength, the male of the lower animals; gaṇḍũḍu, gaṇḍãḍu a brave, strong man; gaṇḍ-āḍu to copulate. Nk. gaṛek (pl. -er) man, male. Malt. geṇḍa male. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) gaṇḍa-, gaṇḍīra- hero. DED(S) 986. Compare with Nīlakaṇṭha (Sanskrit) an alias of Shiva. This deity has been identified convincingly by Iravatham Mahadevan as Proto-Shiva.^[6] kompaṉ n. id. [M. kom-pan.] 1. Tusked or horned animal; கொம்புள்ளவிலங்கு. 2. Clever man, used ironically;

Sign 8[edit | edit source]

Sign 8
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words

Sign 9[edit | edit source]

Sign 9
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Sign 10[edit | edit source]

Sign 10
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Sign 11[edit | edit source]

Sign 11
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Sign 12[edit | edit source]

Sign 12
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Sign 13[edit | edit source]

Sign 13
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Person, Man	āḷ, āṇ āḷ 399 Ta. āḷ man, husband, servant, labourer, adult; āṇ male, manliness, courage, superiority, warrior; āṇaṉ manly person; āṇmai manliness, virility, courage; āṭavaṉ man, youth. Ma. āḷ a person, able person, servant, slave; āṇ male; āṇma bravery. Ko. a·ḷ man, servant, husband. To. o·ḷ man, Toda; o·ḷ coolie (< Ta.). Ka. āḷ servant, soldier, messenger, a grown person in general; āḷ, āṇ male; manliness, bravery; Koḍ. a·ḷï servant; a·ṇï, a·ṇ a·ḷï man, male; a·ŋuññi male child (< a·ṇï-kuññi). Tu. āḷů person, labourer, messenger; āḷmage servant; āṇů adj. male; āṇůjōvu, aṇjā̆vu a male, a man (jōvu child); (Bright and Ramanujan) āṇů boy. Kur. āl adult male, husband, servant, mankind; ālas an adult male person, husband, friend, servant, soldier. Malt. ál-urqe to grow up to maturity. Cf. 291 Ta. aḷ strength. DED(S) 342(a)

Sign 14[edit | edit source]

Sign 14
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words

Sign 15[edit | edit source]

Sign 15
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Sign 16[edit | edit source]

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Sign 45[edit | edit source]

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Sign 46[edit | edit source]

Sign 46
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Dog, Canine	nāy, nāi (p. 322) nāy, nāi 3650 Ta. nāy, nāi dog. Ma. nāy id. Ko. na·y id. To. no·y id. Ka. nāy, nāyi id.; nāyitana doggishness. Koḍ. na·y dog. Tu. nāyi id. Kol. a·te id.; resn a·te wild dog (i.e. *res na·te, with original initial n- preserved in this combination; see 817). Nk. āte dog. Nk. (Ch.) āte id. Pa. netta (pl. nettel) id.; iric netta wild dog. Ga. (Oll.) nēte, (S.) nette dog; (P.) kope nete wild dog. Go. (Tr.) nai, (W.) nāi, (M.) nāī, (A. Ma. Ko.) ney dog (Voc. 2030); (M.) rac nāī, (Ko.) rasi ney wild dog (Voc. 3010). Konḍa (BB; K., p. 181) nukuṛi dog. Pe. nekuṛ, nikuṛ id. Kui nakuṛi (pl. nakuṛaka, nahuṛka), nahoṛi (pl. nahoṛka, nahka) id. Kuwi (F.) neh'ūri (pl. neska), (S.) nehuḍí (pl. neska), (Su.) nih'uṛi (pl. neska), (Isr.) nehˀ uṛi (pl. -ka/neska) id. The element -kuṛi in Konḍa, etc. is probably to be connected with 2149 Ta. kur̤antai, etc., i.e. originally 'young of dog'. ? Cf. 2916 Ta. ñāḷi. / Cf. Nahali nāy dog. DED(S) 3022.

Sign 47[edit | edit source]

Sign 47
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words

Sign 48[edit | edit source]

Sign 48
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Sign 49
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Sign 60[edit | edit source]

Sign 60
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Fish	mīṉ (p. 436) mīṉ 4885 Ta. mīṉ fish. Ma. mīn. Ko. mi·n. To. mi·n. Ka. mīn. Koḍ. mi·nï. Tu. mīnů. Te. mīnu. Pa. mīni (pl. mīnul). Ga. (Oll.) mīn (pl. mīnil). Go. (Tr. A. W. Ph. Mu. etc.) mīn (Voc. 2852). Konḍa (BB) mīn (pl. mīnga). Pe. min (pl. -ku). Manḍ. min (pl. -ke). Kui mīnu (pl. mīnga). Kuwi (F.) mīnu (pl. mrīka), (S.) mīnu (pl mīnka), (Su. P.) mīnu (pl. mnīka), (Isr.) mīnu/mṇīnu (pl. mṇīka). Malt. mínu. / Cf. Skt. mīna- fish; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10140a. DED(S) 3999.

Sign 61[edit | edit source]

Sign 61
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Sign 87[edit | edit source]

Sign 87
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Bent Skeletal body, Emaciated person, Dead person, Sitting

Sign 88[edit | edit source]

Sign 88
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Crab, Pincers, Seize

Sign 89[edit | edit source]

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Sign 90[edit | edit source]

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Sign 91[edit | edit source]

Sign 91
Sign	Object meaning	Dravidian words
	Crop, Wheat, Ear of Grain	Wheat was the staple crop in IVC. *Kōlum - PDr^[7] 1906 Konḍa kūli paddy. Pe. kūli id. Manḍ. kūli id. Kui kūḍi grain, paddy, seed. Kuwi (Su. P. F. S.) kūli paddy. ? Ta. kūlam grains, esp. of 18 kinds, viz. nel, pul, etc. ? Br. xōlum wheat (or with DBIA 123, < Skt. godhūma-). (Ta. Br., comm. by Kamaleswaran.) DEDS(N) 278. 1194 Ta. katir ear of grain, spear of grass. Ma. katir ear, spike of corn; katirkka to shoot into ears; katirppu a sprout, shoot. Ka. kadir spike of corn, ear. Koḍ. kadï ear (of paddy, wheat, etc.). Tu. kadirů ear of corn; kadpu ear of ripened corn. DED 1002.

Sign 92[edit | edit source]

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	Bow, Bow and arrow	vil (p. 492) vil 5422 Ta. vil bow; villaṉ, villavaṉ, villōṉ, villi archer; villār, villōr bowmen; villiyar id., Iruḷas; villimai, viṉmai skill in archery. Ma. vil, villu bow; villan, villi archer. Ko. viḷy bow. To. pïs̱ id. Ka. bil, billu id. Koḍ. billï id. Tu. billu, biru id. Te. vilu, villu (pl. viṇḍlu) id.; vilukã̄ḍu bowman. Kol. (Hislop) vil bow. Pa. vil id. Ga. (Oll.) vinḍ, (S.) vinḍu id. Go. (M.) vīl, (G. Mu. Ma. Ko.) vil id. (Voc. 3256). Konḍa (BB) vil id. Pe. vil (pl. -ku) id., bowlike instrument for carding cotton. Manḍ. vil (pl. -ke) bow. Kui viḍu, vilu id. Kuwi (F.) vellū, (Su. P.) vellu, (Isr.) velu (pl. in all velka) id. Br. bil id. / Cf. Sgh. vil, vili id. DED(S) 4449. Rebus alternative meaning: vil (viṟp-, viṟṟ-) 5421 Ta. vil (viṟp-, viṟṟ-) to sell, put on sale, be sold; vilai selling, sale, price, cost, value; viṟṟal, viṟpaṉai selling, sale. Ma. vila sale, price, value; vilkka to sell; vilpana sale; vilpikka to cause to sell. Ko. vel price, cost. To. pïl price. Ka. bil, bili to sell, buy; bili, bele price, cost. Koḍ. bele cost. Tu. bilè, belè price, value, worth. Te. vil(u)cu to sell, buy; viluva, vela price, value, cost. DED 4448.

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Indus sign 193	Weight, Metrology

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	Hoe

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	Volume	SUCESSFULLY DECIPHERED. Combination of `V' signs and linear strokes were used to indicate volumes.^[8]

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	Jar

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	Chakra, (Spoke-wheel not present during IVC times)

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	Inner place, Same symbol in Old cuneiform means Heart,^[9] Same symbol in Egyptian Hieroglyphs means Enclosure, Palace, Tomb and Temple.	This symbol is noted to be the alpha of the Indus script. It is the most common initial sign in Indus texts, and often precedes the ' marker suggesting that it may be a centre of authority. The word Akam in Dravidian covers both meanings of inner place and heart. 'Akattiyar' (trans. Respected person from Akam/respected householder) is a name for both a Rig Vedic sage, and the mythical learned leader of the Velir who migrated to Tamilakam from Dvārakā, Indus Valley Civilisation in the protohistoric period. Akattiyar is also noted to be the mythical father of Tamil language which is directly descended from Indus Dravidian. 1) akam (p. 3) akam 7 Ta. akam inside, house, place, agricultural tract, breast, mind; akattāṉ one who is in, householder; ōr-akatti, ōr-akattāḷ husband's brother's wife [i.e. she who is in one and the same house with oneself]; akakkār̤, akaṅkār̤ heart of a tree; akaṅkai, aṅkaipalm of the hand; aka-ppaṭu to be included, be obtained; akaṭu interior, belly, middle, impartiality; akaṇi inside, interior, agricultural tract; akappu depth (or with 11 Ta. akar̤); akampu inside; akal inner part of town or village; akavai inside, age within a certain limit: a locative ending; akalam breast; ākam body, breast, mind, heart; āyam secret. Ma. akam inside, abode, house, room; akattu within, in the house; akattān master of the house; akattāḷ mistress of the house; akattōn indoor servant; fem. akattōḷ; akaṅkai palm of hand; akaṅkāl sole of foot; akā, akāyi inside of house, room; akaṭu, akiṭu udder; aka-ppeṭuka, āppeṭuka to get into, be caught, befall; akappeṭukka to catch. Ko. aŋga·linstep. To. o·poṛ- (o·poṭ-) to be caught, be got; o·poṛc- (o·poṛč-) to catch, get; wïrxity husband's brother's wife. Ka. ōragitti, vāragitti id.; aṅ-gāl sole of the foot; aṅ-gey palm of the hand; āge, āga in, into; āya the inside, privacy, secret, private parts, a vital part of the body, particulars, details, a part of the body, the breast. Koḍ. aŋgay palm of hand; aŋga·lï sole of foot. Tu. aṅgārů sole of the foot; aṅgai palm of the hand. Te.agapaḍu to appear, be observed, perceived; akku the breast or chest; āyamu a vital part of the body, private parts. Kol. opaḍ- (opaṭ-) to be found, met, (fish) are caught; oparip- (opaript-) to find. Nk. ōbaṛ- (ōbaṭ-) to be got. ? Go. (Mu.) akna (pl. -ŋ) room of a house (Voc. 8). DED (N) 8, 888. INDO-ARYAN 49 agaru m.n. ʻ fragrant Aloe -- tree and wood, Aquilaria agallocha ʼ lex., aguru -- R. [← Drav. Mayrhofer EWA i 17 with lit.] Pa. agalu -- , aggalu -- m., akalu -- m. ʻ a partic. ointment ʼ; Pk. agaru -- , agaluya -- , agaru(a) -- m.n. ʻ Aloe -- tree and wood ʼ; K. agara -- kāth ʻ sandal -- wood ʼ; S. agaru m. ʻ aloe ʼ, P. N. agar m., A. B. agaru, Or. agarū, H. agar, agur m.; G. agar, agru n. ʻ aloe or sandal -- wood ʼ; M. agar m.n. ʻ aloe ʼ, Si. ayal (agil ← Tam. akil). 50 agásti m. ʻ the tree Agasti grandiflorum ʼ Suśr. [← Drav. Burrow BSOAS 12, 365; Agásti -- m. ʻ nom. prop. ʼ perh. from this, Mayrhofer EWA I 17] Pk. agatthi -- , ˚iya -- m. ʻ a partic. tree ʼ; H. agtī, aktī f. ʻ the tree Sesbana or Aeschynomene grandiflora ʼ; G. agthiyɔ m. ʻ a partic. tree ʼ. 51 ágāt ʻ has come ʼ RV. [√gā] Kho. aii, hai pret. of gīk ʻ to come ʼ, see gāˊti. apāˊgāt, vyágāt. 52 agāra n. ʻ house ʼ ĀśvGr̥., āgāra -- Mn. [Prob. ← Drav., Mayrhofer EWA i 17 with lit.] Pa. ā̆gāra -- , ˚aka -- n., Pk. āgāra -- , ag˚, gāra -- n.

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References[edit | edit source]

↑ Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali. "Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics".
↑ Dravidian Etymology Dictionary, entry 854 https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=eḷ,%20eṇ&searchhws=yes
↑ Franklin Southworth – Linguistic archaeology of south Asia (2012), Routledge. Appendix C: Selected reconstructions in PSD1
↑ Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (in en). Oxford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780190226930. https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353.
↑ "Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
↑ How did the ‘great god’ get a ‘blue neck’?.
↑ Rice in Dravidian
↑ Indus civilisation reveals its volumetric system.
↑ Words and numbers in Cuneiform.

[Bahata-1] Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali. "Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics".

[2] Dravidian Etymology Dictionary, entry 854 https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=eḷ,%20eṇ&searchhws=yes

[3] Franklin Southworth – Linguistic archaeology of south Asia (2012), Routledge. Appendix C: Selected reconstructions in PSD1

[4] Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (in en). Oxford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780190226930. https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353.

[5] "Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.

[6] How did the ‘great god’ get a ‘blue neck’?.

[7] Rice in Dravidian

[8] Indus civilisation reveals its volumetric system.

[9] Words and numbers in Cuneiform.

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