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Characterization of complete mitochondrial genome of three Horse flies of the genus Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae): comparative analysis

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Abstract

Background

Tabanidae (Horse-Flies or Deer-Flies) are one of the most economically important as well as medically significant haematophagous insect family within the order Diptera. Members of this group are also responsible for the mortality of substantial number of live-stock every year. Due to their pathogen transmission potential and vector competencies makes them an important insect group to study. Till now, mitochondrial genome of 18 species of tabanids were available.

Methods and results

The complete mitogenome of three species T. diversifrons (15,809 bp), T. rubidus (15,878 bp) and T. tenens (15,872 bp) were generated by Next generation sequencing method. They consist 37 genes, with a positive AT skew and a negative GC skew. The gene order of these three species is similar to the typical gene arrangement of infra-order Tabanomorpha. Most of the tRNAs showed typical clover-leaf secondary structure except trnS1, which lacks the DHU arm. The sliding window analysis showed that the nad4L is the most conserved while atp8, and nad6 are the most variable genes. Moreover, the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates indicated that all PCGs under the purifying selection. Phylogeny revealed Chrysops and Haematopota are monophyletic while species of Hybomitra are nested within the polyphyletic clade of Tabanus. T. diversifrons exhibits sister relationship with Atylotus miser. Two morphologically divergent species T. rubidus and T. tenens are found to be genetically similar and indistinguishable by mitochondrial genome.

Conclusions

The hypervariable genes like atp8 and nad6 can be used as molecular markers for the identification of recently diverged lineages of family Tabanidae. Further, to address uncertainties arising from the two morphological divergent species, it is imperative to obtain data from nuclear gene markers.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in NCBI at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, reference number OR288564, OR288565, OR288566.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India for providing necessary permissions and facilities. This work is the part of Ph.D. thesis of first author.

Funding

This work was financially supported by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in-house project, ‘Building Digital Sequence Information (DSI) Library of Fauna of India’ to D.B., V.K. and K.T. AG is also grateful to University Grant Commission (UGC) for providing the fellowship and Grant under “Scheme: NET-JRF-FELLOWSHIP” for “Student-ID: DEC18-344658”.

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Author notes

  1. Arka Mukherjee and Abhishek Ghosh have contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Arka Mukherjee, Dhriti Banerjee & Atanu Naskar

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Arka Mukherjee & Abhishek Ghosh

  3. Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Abhishek Ghosh, Kaomud Tyagi & Vikas Kumar

Authors
  1. Arka Mukherjee
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  2. Abhishek Ghosh
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  4. Vikas Kumar
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  5. Dhriti Banerjee
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Specimen collection and identification were performed by AM, DB and AN. Data curation, analysis, and representation were performed by AG and KT. The first draft was written by AG, KT, and VK, and further edited by all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Kaomud Tyagi or Vikas Kumar.

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The authors declare that there are no relevant financial or non-financial interests.

Ethical approval

No specific permission was needed for the collection of the tabanids as they are collected from the domestic livestock’s by general sweeping method.

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Mukherjee, A., Ghosh, A., Tyagi, K. et al. Characterization of complete mitochondrial genome of three Horse flies of the genus Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae): comparative analysis. Mol Biol Rep 50, 9897–9908 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08837-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08837-z

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