Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Good and the Bad in Releasing the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Freshwater System: Recommendations for the Policymakers in Iraq

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth

Part of the book series: Aquatic Ecology Series ((AQEC,volume 11))

  • 1104 Accesses

Abstract

Plants dwelling in water habitats are useful and an essential part of the freshwater system. In addition, a few variety of plants are the main food supply for creatures living in the aquatic areas. Plants are competent to alleviate sediments, recover water clearness and enhance variety in the shallow regions of the freshwater body. Besides, dense plants can cause irrigation problems. The goal of the study at hand chapter is to give a short, but concentrate review on the good and bad points of releasing and introducing grass carp into the freshwater system to control aquatic vegetation. Also, this chapter highlights the status of the grass carp in the Iraqi freshwater system and at the end, a recommendations were given to be taken by policymakers in countries like Iraq to save their freshwater system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamek Z, Kortan D, Lepic P, Andreji J (2003) Impacts of otter (Lutra lutra L.) predation on fishponds: a study of fish remains at ponds in the Czech Republic. Aquac Int 11:389–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey WM, Boyd RL (1971) Some observations on the white amur in Arkansas. Mimeograph. 10 pp. (as cited in: Shireman, J.V. and C.R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844). Food and Aquaculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck RH (1996) Risk assessment for the introduction of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Report to the Canadian Non-Native Species Risk Analysis Committee, Alberta, Canada. 94 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedict RJ, Hepp GR (2000) Wintering waterbird use of two aquatic plant habitats in southern reservoir. J Wildl Manage 64(1):269–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettoli PW, Maceina MJ, Nobel RL, Betsill RK (1993) Response of a reservoir fish community to aquatic vegetation removal. N Am J Fish Manage 13:110–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billard R (1997) The freshwater fish of the rivers of France. Identification, inventory and distribution of 83 species. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestle, 192p

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell BG, Murphy BR (1996) Low-density triploid grass carp stockings for submersed vegetation control in small impoundments. J Freshw Ecol 11:475–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurt Y, Yavas İ, Gül A, Balcı BA, Çetin NC (2017) Importance of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for Controlling of Aquatic Vegetation. In Grasses-Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles. Amjad Almusaed A. and Sammera Mohamed Salih Al-Samaraee S. M. S. (eds.), InTech Publisher, 29-39p

    Google Scholar 

  • Catarino LF, Ferreira MT, Moreira IS (1997) Preferences of grass carp for macrophytes in Iberian drainage channels. J Aquat Plant Manag 36:79–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen WJ, Mayden RL (2009) Molecular systematics of the Cyprinoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), the world’s largest clade of freshwater fishes: further evidence from six nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 52(2):544–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chilton III EW, Muoneke MI (1992) Biology and management of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinidae) for v

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross DG (1969) Aquatic weed control using grass carp. J Fish Biol 1:27–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cudmore BMNE, Mandrak NE (2004) Biological synopsis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Can Manuscr Rep Fish Aquat Sci 2705(7):44

    Google Scholar 

  • Federenko AY, Fraser FJ (1978) Review of grass carp biology. Interagency Committee on Transplants and Introductions of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates in British Columbia. British Columbia, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Technical Report No. 786. 15 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasaway RD (1979) Benthic macroinvertebrate response to grass carp introduction in three Florida lakes. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 33:549–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Hestand RS, Carter CC (1978) Comparative effects of grass carp and selected herbicides on macrophyte and phytoplankton communities. Aquat Plant Manage 16:43–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdren GC, Porter SD (1986) The effects of grass carp on water quality in McNeely Lake. 6. Annual International Symp. Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint source pollutants and acid precipitation, Portland 5-8 Nov. 1986:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupauer V (1968) Schopnost konzumu rostlin u tˇrílety’ch a ˇctyˇrlety’ch bíly’ch Amuru° [The capacity for plant consumption of three- and four-year old grass carp]. Ž ivoč Výr 13:467–474. (in Czech with English summary

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie AJ, Nall LE, Van Dyke JM (1983) Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water-quality variables in 4 Florida lakes. Trans Am Fish Soc 112:777–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie AJ Jr, Van Dyke JM, Hestand RS III, Thompson BZ (1987) Management of aquatic plants in multi-use lakes with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Lake and Reservoir Management 3(1):266–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer FP, Dupree HK, Muncy RJ, Pardue GB, Stanley JG (1975) Report on the status of the grass carp in North America. 10 p. (As cited in: Federenko, A.Y. and F.J. Fraser. 1978. Review of grass carp biology. Interagency Committee on Transplants and Introductions of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates in British Columbia. British Columbia, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Technical Report No. 786)

    Google Scholar 

  • NatureServe (2003) NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. Version 1.8. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. Accessed: March 3, 2004

  • Opuszynski K (1972) Use of phytophagous fish to control aquatic plants. Aquaculture 1:61–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opuszynski K, Shireman JV (1995) Herbivorous fishes: culture and use for weed management. In cooperation with James E. Weaver, Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Fisheries Research Center. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Opuszynski et al. 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Page LM, Burr BM (1991) A field guide to freshwater fishes. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Pípalova I (2006) A review of grass carp use for aquatic weed control and its impact on water bodies. J Aquat Plant Manag 44(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine RT, Anderson LWJ (1991) Effect of triploid grass carp on submersed aquatic plants in northern California ponds. Calif Fish Game 77:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitelli RA (1998) Macrofitas aquaticas do Brasil, na condiçao de problema. In: Workshop Controle De Plantas Aquaticas. Resumos Brasília, Ibama, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard DI, Small JW, Osborne JA (1985) Response of zooplankton to the reduction and elimination of submerged vegetation by grass carp and herbicide in 4 Florida lakes. Hydrobiologia 123:97–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schramm HL Jr, Jirka KJ (1989) Effects of aquatic macrophytes on benthic macroinvertebrates in two Florida Lakes. J Freshw Ecol 5:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shireman JV, Smith CR (1983) Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844). Food and Aquaculture Organization Synopsis. 135: 86pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton PH (1993) A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley JG (1974) Energy balance of white Amur fed egeria. Hyacinth Control 12:62–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanely JG, Miley WW, Sutton DL (1978) Reproductive requirements and likelihood for naturalization of escaped grass carp in the United States. Trans Am Fish Soc 107:119–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stout CC, Tan M, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Armbruster JW (2016) Resolving Cypriniformes relationships using an anchored enrichment approach. BMC Evol Biol 16(1):244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takamura N, Li JL, Yang HQ, Zhu XB, Miura T (1993) A novelapproach to evaluate feeding by mixed cyprinid species in a Chinese integrated fish culture pond using measurements of chlorophyll derivates and photosynthesis in gut contents. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:946–952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell TT (1975) The impact of macrophyte control by white Amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Verh Internat Verein Limnol 19:2510–2514

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrell JW, Terrell TT (1975) Macrophyte control and food habits of the grass carp in Georgia ponds. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 19:2515–2520

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells RDS, Bannon HJ, Hicks BJ (2003) Control of macrophytes by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in a Waikato drain, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 37(1):85–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann ME, Jerde CL, Howeth JG, Maher SP, Deines AM, Jenkins JA, Whitledge GW, Burbank SR, Chadderton WL, Mahon AR, Tyson JT (2014) Grass carp in the Great Lakes region: establishment potential, expert perceptions, and re-evaluation of experimental evidence of ecological impact. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71(7):992–999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Chang WYB (1994) Management of inland fisheries in shallow eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic lakes in China. In: Dudgeon D, Lam PKS, editors. Inland Waters of Tropical Asia and Australia: Conservation and Management. Stutgart, Vol. 24. pp. 225-229

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Zweerde W (1982) The influence of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) on macroinvertebrates in some experimental ditches in the Netherlands. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Herbivorous fish, pp 158–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweerde VD (1990) Biological control of aquatic weeds by means of phytophagous fish. In: Pieterse AH, Murphy KJ (eds) Aquatic weeds: the ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 201–221

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Laith A. Jawad

  2. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

    Falah Mutlak

Authors
  1. Laith A. Jawad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Falah Mutlak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Laith A. Jawad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jawad, L.A., Mutlak, F. (2021). The Good and the Bad in Releasing the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Freshwater System: Recommendations for the Policymakers in Iraq. In: Jawad, L.A. (eds) Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Aquatic Ecology Series, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_38

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation