ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
Macrognathus siangensis, a new spiny eel from Brahmaputra basin,
Journal of Research in Biology
Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes)
Authors:
Arunkumar L
Institution:
Department of Zoology,
Mayai Lambi College,
Yumnam Huidrom – 09,
Manipur.
ABSTRACT:
Macrognathus siangensis, e spe ies, fro the Sia g Ri er, Brah aputra
drai age, ortheast I dia, is disi guished fro all other o ge ers y the follo i g
o i aio of hara ters: la k of rostral tooth plates, dorsal-i spi es - 9, dark
spots like i perfe t o elli alo g the ase of dorsal sot ra hed i rays - , dark
lot hes at the id-lateral sides of ody - , dorsal i rays ith t o ro s of
parallel greyish streaks, audal i rays ith - striated greyish streaks a d ody
idth 9. - . % of its depth. A key to Macrognathus spe ies of ortheast I dia
i ludi g the e ly des ri ed o e is pro ided.
Corresponding author:
Arunkumar L
Key ords:
Macrognathus siangensis sp. o ., Sia g ri er, Masta e
Northeast I dia.
Email Id:
Ari le Citaio :
Aru ku ar L
Macrognathus siangensis, a e spi y eel fro Brah aputra asi , Aru a hal
Pradesh, Northeast I dia Teleostei: Sy ra hifor es
Jour al of Resear h i Biology
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Web Address:
Dates:
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Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
2003-2012 | JRB | 2016 | Vol 6 | No 3
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Arunkumar, 2016
2007), Vishwanath et al. (2007), and Yazdani (1985,
INTRODUCTION
Fish of the genus Macrognathus Lacepede are
1990)
mainly
reported
about
the
ichthyofaunal
distributed throughout the tropical Asia (Taki, 1975),
distribution from northeast India. Presently, seven
most of the Indian subcontinent and continental portions
species of Macrognathus viz., M. albus (Plamoottil and
of Southeast Asia (Roberts, 1980) and restricted to the
Abraham, 2014b), M. aral (Bloch and Schneider, 1801),
freshwaters of Africa and Asia (Roberts, 1986). This
M.
mastacembelid fishes come under the order Perciformes
M. guentheri (Day, 1889), M. lineatomaculatus (Britz,
(Menon, 1974; Jayaram, 1981; Talwar and Jhingran,
2010); M. morehensis Arunkumar and Singh, 2000 and
1991; Yang and Zhou, 2011), Mastacembeliformes
M. pancalus Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822, and three
(Sen, 1985; Yazdani, 1990) and Synbranchiformes
species
(Travers, 1984a,b; Jayaram, 1999; Khachonpisitsak
Boulenger, 1893 M. armatus (Lacepede, 1800) and
et al., 2008; Britz, 2009, 2010; Vreven, 2005b and
M. malabaricus Jerdon, 1849 had been reported from
Vreven and Stiassny, 2009) respectively. Sufi (1956),
Indian waters already (Arunkumar and Singh, 1998 and
Roberts (1980, 1986) and Vreven (2005b) revised the
2000; Britz, 2009; Jayaram, 1999; Plamoottil and
mastacembelid fishes of Asian and African continents
Abraham, 2013 and 2014a, b).
fasciatus
of
(Plamoottil
Mastacembelus
and
Abraham,
viz.,
M.
2014a),
alboguttatus
respectively. Arunkumar and Singh (1998), Britz (2009
During an ichthyological survey (the 15th
and 2010), Kottelat and Widjanarti (2005), Pethiyagoda
December 2008) in East Siang district, Arunachal
et al. (2008), Roberts (1980 and 1986), and Plamoottil
Pradesh the author collected five specimens of the genus
and Abraham (2013 and 2014, a,b) reported and
Macrognathus from Siang River at Pasight. On detailed
described new mastacembelid fishes of the genus
study, the specimens were found to be distinct from all
Macrognathus. As many as 24 species of Macrognathus
known
were currently recorded (www.fishbase se/identification/
Macrognathus siangensis sp nov.
species.
The
species
described
here
is
species, downloaded on 05/11/2015). Britz, (2010)
reported that 11 species of Macrognathus M. aureus
MATERIALS AND METHODS
from upper Ayeyarwaddy river drainage, Myanmar were
Standard practices of Talwar and Jhingran
distinguished and described. The systematic position of
(1991), Jayaram (1999), Arunkumar and Singh (2000),
Macrognathus
and
Britz (2009 and 2010), and Plamoottil and Abraham
retransferred to Mastacembelus (Britz, 2009). Later
(2014a, b) were followed while taking meristic and
Macrognathus
morphometric measurements. Measurements of Head
caudiocellatus
taeniagaster
was
was
reviewed
synonymised
to
M. semiocellatus (Vidhayanon, 2012).
Length (HL) and body parts are expressed as proportions
Northeast India is an important part of the Indo-
of Standard Length (SL) and the subunits of head as
Myanmar (Indo-Burma) biodiversity hot spot, one of the
proportions of head length. The specimens were
34 global biodiversity hotspots. It is drained by the three
deposited in the Manipur University Central Museum
river systems viz., the Brahmaputra, the Chindwin and
(MUCM), Canchipur. Registration numbers are given
the Kaladan.
below.
Various worker viz., Arunkumar and Singh
(1998, 2000), Bagra and Das (2010), Bagra et al. (2009),
RESULT
Hora (1921), Kar and Sen (2007), Nath and Dey (2000),
Macrognathus siangensis sp. nov. (Figure. 1.)
Sen (1985), Tamang et al. (2007), Vishwanath (2002,
Common name: Arunachal’s Spiny Eel.
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Arunkumar, 2016
Local name: Bami (by Adi people of Arunachal
ventral side, more or less same as the interorbital
Pradesh, India).
distance. Scales are minute. Lateral line distinct and lies
Manipuri name: Nagril macha/Chinglak ngaril
one by third above the body depth. Spinous dorsal-fin is
Holotype
originating far behind the end of the pectoral fin. Anus is
43/NH/MUM 115.2 mm SL; Siang river at
nearer to the base of caudal fin than to the snout. Anal
Pasighat, East Siang district, Brahmaputra river drainage/
fin spines are covered and concealed by thick skin,
basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 28º05'17" N and
second
95º19'54" E; about 150m above mean sea level, 15.xii.
separate from the dorsal and the anal fins. Proportional
2008, Coll. G.S. Sharma.
measurements are given in Table 1.
Paratypes
Colour
4 specimens, 97-120.9mm SL; data same as for
spine longest. Caudal-fin rounded, distinctly
Dorsal dark grey, ventral yellowish pale white. A
holotype.
series of 7-11 dark spots like imperfect ocelli are present
Diagnosis
at the base of dorsal soft branched fin rays, 22-27 oblique
A Macrognathus with the absence of rostral
transverse bars on the lateral sides of the body, a
tooth plates, dorsal fin spines 15-19, dark spots like
longitudinally light greyish or light yellowish band from
imperfect ocelli at the base of dorsal soft branched fin
the posterior end of the eye upto the origin of branched
rays 7-11, oblique transverse bars on the lateral sides of
dorsal soft fin rays which lies above the lateral line and
body 22-27, dark blotches on the lateral sides which
distinct at the posterior end, blotches along dorsal-fin and
increases their sizes from anterior to posterior ends
mid-lateral blotches are only separated from posterior
22-27, dorsal fin rays with two longitudinal streak rows,
eye upto the origin of dorsal soft branched fin rays and
caudal fin rays with 4-6 fine striated streaks, body width
joined upto the origin of caudal fin, 4-6 fine transversely
59.0-67.4% of its depth, head length at occiput and
striated dark greyish streaks on caudal fin rays. Two
predorsal length at dorsal spine origin 10.0-15.1% and
parallel longitudinal streak rows of greyish bands on
34.3-39.0% of standard length respectively.
dorsal and anal branched soft fin rays which are at the
Description
distinct posterior end. Pectoral fin is clear.
Br. 3-5; D. 15-19/42-53; P. 22; A. 3/32-51;
C. 13-14. General body shape and appearance is shown
Etymology
The species is named after the Siang River,
in the Figure. 1. Body-eel like, occiput to the origin of
Arunachal Pradesh, type locality of the species.
dorsal fin spine subcylindrical and then laterally
Distribution and Habitat
compressed to the posterior end. Preorbital and
Presently known only from the Siang River at
preopercular spines are absent. Occipital region of head
Pasighat, East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh,
scaleless but otherwise head including operculum and
Brahmaputra river drainage, India. The fish inhabits the
cheeks are covered with minute scales. Head long with
pebbly bottom with sandy beds of swift, moderate and
median fleshy rostral tentacles projecting from the upper
turbid running water.. The following is a list of
jaw. Mouth is found to be inferior and narrow. Lip is
ichthyofaunal species collected syntopically with this
fleshy. Gill membrane is connected to the isthmus.
new species: Cyprinidae: Raiamas bola, Cabdio morar,
Operculum opening is large ventrally but extending
Amblypharyngodon
dorsally only to the level of horizontal through upper
Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Siluridae: Ompok pabo,
third of pectoral fin base. Eyes not visible from the
Schilbeidae: Clupisoma garua, Eutropiichthys vacha,
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mola,
Cobitidae:
Arunkumar, 2016
Key to Macrognathus species of the inland water bodies of India
Rostral tooth-plates present
Rostral tooth-plates absent
Presence of a pair series of rostral tooth-plate
Presence 14-28 pairs of rostral tooth-plate
Presence of 15-17 pairs of rostral tooth-plate
Presence of 8-11 pair pairs of rostral tooth-plate
26-30 dorsal spines
14-16 dorsal spines
19-22 dorsal spines
11-16 dorsal spines
29 irregular blotches present on mid-dorsal line form the top of opercular to base of caudal
3-6 perfect ocelli at the branched dorsal fin rays
Eye size black blotches along dorsal fin
12-14 imperfect acelli at the base of dorsal fin rays
Preorbital spine present
Preorbital spine absent
Lateral side of body with 26-27 distinct yellow vertical bars originating
form mid-dorsal to ventral side
Lateral side of body sparkled with small white dots, a distinct streak of
longitudinal spots runs along the lateral line from eye to the days caudal fin
28-30 dorsal spines
24-26 dorsal spines
27-30 dorsal spines
15-19 dorsal spines
2
11
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M. albus
M. aral
M. lineatomaculatus
M. morehensis
12
15
13
14
M. fasciatus
M. pancalus
M. guentheri
M. siangensis sp. nov.
Mastacembelidae: Mastacembelus armatus.
32 respectively) and from M. tapirus by having 7-11
DISCUSSION
dark spots like imperfect ocelli at the base of dorsal soft
The
main
distinguishing
characters
of
branched fin rays VS. 6 distinct large perfect ocelli and
Macrognathus species of the inland waterbodies of India
more
are given into the key of this paper. Spiny eels of the
respectively.
genus Mastacembelus and Macrognathus from the
transverse
oblique
Macrognathus
bars
siangensis
(22-27
VS.
13)
sp.
nov.
is
Northeast India are shown in Figure. 2 and Figure. 3.
distinguished from M. fasciatus in many significant
Macrognathus
from
taxonomnic features. In M. siangensis, head is longer
aureus,
than M. fasciatus (18.4-21.0% SL Vs. 14.8-16.5), longer
M. dorsiocellatus, M. lineatomaculatus M. meklongensis,
pectoral fin (6.3-7.2% SL Vs. 4.3-5.2), shorter base of
M.
pavo,
dorsal fin rays (32.2-35.2% SL Vs. 36.1-39.2), longer
M. pentophthalmos and M. siamensis by the absence of
predorsal length (34.3-39.0% SL Vs. 22.2-26.1), larger
rostral tooth-plates, from M. zebrinus by having less
eye diameter (11.7-18.9% HL Vs. 3.7-4.8), more
number of dorsal fin spines (15-19 VS. 28-31), from
interorbital distance (12.2-18.5%HL Vs. 10.0-10.9) and
M. circumcinctus, M. keithi, M. maculatus
and
shorter snout length (30.6-38.3% HL Vs. 38.6-43.6) and
M. semiocellatus by having distinctly separate caudal fin
distribution (Arunachal Pradesh, Siang River Vs. Kerala,
VS. confluent with dorsal and anal fins and less numbers
Manimala River) respectively. Data of Plamoottil and
of dorsal spines (15 – 19 Vs. 26-29, 26-27, 26-31 and 28-
Abraham (2014a) for M. fasciatus were used for
M.
aculeatus,
siangensis
M.
morehensis,
albus,
M.
sp.
M.
nov.
aral,
obscurus,
differs
M.
M.
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Arunkumar, 2016
Table 1. Morphological characters of Macrognathus siangensis sp. nov.m
Holotype 43/
NH/MUM
115.2
Standard length (SL) in mm.
In % of standard length (SL)
Predorsal length at soft branched fin ray origin
Predorsal length at dorsal fin spine origin
Head length at the end of lateral operculum
Body width at branched dorsal fin origin
Body width of branched anal fin origin
Height of dorsal fin
Pectoral fin base length
Head length at occiput
Head depth at occiput
Head depth at eye
Body depth
Preanus length
Preanal fin length
Pectoral fin length
Caudal fin length
Dorsal fin spine base length
Dorsal soft branched fin ray base length
Anal soft branched fin ray base length
In % of head length at the end of lateral operculum
Depth of head at ociput
Width of head at ociput
Pectoral fin length
Eye diameter
Interorbital distance
Snout length
Rostral barbel length
Mouth width
In % of body depth
Body width
Paratypes
43/NH/MUM (N=4)
97-121
Mean (Range) ±SD
64.6(62.3-66.8)
±2.0
36.1(34.3-39.0) ±1.5
19.2(18.4-21.0) ±1.1
6.7(6.4-7.0)
±0.6
5.0(4.1-5.3)
±0.5
3.0(2.6-3.3)
±0.4
2.7(2.5-3.0)
±0.4
13.4(12.6-15.1)
±0.9
6.4(6.0-7.0)
±0.6
4.7(4.4-5.1)
±0.5
10.7(10.3-11.0)
±0.8
57.3(52.5-60.3)
±1.9
60.3(55.6-65.3)
±1.9
6.8(6.3-7.2)
±0.6
6.6(5.2-7.6)
±0.6
29.3(27.2-31.8)
±1.3
34.1(32.2-35.2)
±1.5
34.0(32.0-38.6)
±1.5
65.1
34.7
19.2
6.6
5.2
3.3
2.6
10.0
5.4
4.3
10.4
57.5
61.8
6.5
6.3
28.6
32.5
32.4
28.2
20.5
33.9
13.6
14.5
37.0
16.7
7.9
32.2(28.1-34.1)
20.7(18.5-22.2)
35.8(32.6-37.2)
14.8(11.8-18.9)
14.8(11.8-18.9)
34.4(30.7-38.3)
15.2(13.2-18.9)
8.0(7.9-8.1)
±1.4
±1.1
±1.5
±1.0
±1.0
±1.5
±1.0
±0.7
63.7
62.9(59.0-67.4)
±1.9
Table 2. The distribution pattern of spiny eels or mastacembelid fishes in the three river basins of northeast
India. Presence and absence of each species is indicated by + and – respectively. BRB=Brahmaputra River
basin CRB= Chindwin River basin and KRB= Kaladan/Koladyne River basin.
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Scientific name
BRB
CRB
KRB
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
Mastacembelus alboguttatus
M. armatus
Macrognathus aral
M. morehensis
M. pancalus
M. siangensis sp. nov.
comparision.
(30.7-38.3%HL Vs 39.6-43.8), larger eye diameter
Macrognathus siangensis sp. nov. is also
(11.8-18.9% HL Vs 7.9-13.0) and more interorbital
distinguished from M. pancalus by having more
distance (11.8-18.9% HL Vs 5.0-6.0) and distribution
branched dorsal fin rays (42-53 Vs. 30-42), lesser body
(Siang
depth (10.3-11.0% SL Vs 10.7-15.6), shorter head length
distribution in north east India) respectively. Data of
(18.4-21.0% SL Vs. 18.5-25.3), shorter snout length
Arunkumar and Singh (2000) and Sufi (1956) for
Jour al of Resear h i Biology
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river
of
Arunachal
Pradesh
Vs.
Widely
Arunkumar, 2016
Figure 1. Macrognathus siangensis sp. nov. 43/NH/MUM 115.2 mm SL; Siang river at Pasighat, East
Siang district, Brahmaputra river drainage/basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India
(a)
(a)
Figure 2. Spiny eels of the genus Mastacembelus in the Northeast India:
(a) Mastacembelus alboguttatus, (b) M. armatus
Jour al of Resear h i Biology
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Arunkumar, 2016
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 3. Spiny eels of the genus Macrognathus in the Northeast India:
(a) M. aral, (b) M. morehensis, (c) M. pancalus
Jour al of Resear h i Biology
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Arunkumar, 2016
M. pancalus were used for comparison.
Macrognathus
siangensis
Asian
country
respectively.
The
spiny
eel
or
is
mastacembelid fishes of northeast India (only 7.5% of
distinguished from M. guentheri by having less number
the total geographical area of India) are Mastacembelus
of branched dorsal soft fin rays (42-53 Vs. 58-74), less
alboguttatus, M. armatus, Macrognathus aral, M.
number of anal soft branched fin rays (32-51 Vs. 59-75),
morehensis, M. pancalus and M. siangensis sp. nov. and
longer head length (18.4-21.0% SL Vs 16.0-18.3), longer
their distributions in three river basins of this region are
pectoral fin 6.3-7.2% SL Vs. 4.2-5.0), shorter snout
shown in Table 2.
sp.
nov.
length (30.7-38.3% HL Vs. 39.5-42), longer eye
diameter (11.8-18%HL Vs. 8-9), more interorbital
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
distance (11.8-18.9%HL Vs. 4-5), pectoral fin (clear Vs.
I am pleased to thank Mr. G.S. Sharma for his
oblique bars) and distribution (northeast India, Arunachal
help in sample collection and Dr. H. Bilashini Devi,
Pradesh Vs. an endemic to South India, Kerela)
Curator, Manipur University Museum, Canchipur-03, for
respectively.
hospitality of specimens and accession of the specimens.
Macrognathus siangensis sp. nov. is further
distinguished form M. guentheri which reported by
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