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2011 11 21
Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
Table 10. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties of B. cereus and B. subtlis group important for growth in
foods
Bacterial biochemical properties
starch degrading activity
Ability to hydrolyze starch is a common property of B. cereus group
species1 and Bacillus is the most important amylolytic genus for
industrial production of different starch degrading enzymes2. Most
emetic strains are negative for starch hydrolysis although they are
most frequently reported in starchy foods.
protease activity
important for making amino acids available from protein substrates
lipolytic activity
important for making fatty acids available from lipid substrates
salt tolerance
allows survival in salt stress environment. Important also for the cross
protection between stresses. For example in one study on B. cereus,
salt protected against hydrogen peroxide, which protected against
ethanol, which protected against heat shock. 3
Intrinsic parameters of the food 4
pH
B. cereus and B. subtilis group grow at a pH 5-9.5. The presence of
salt may widen the pH range. Too low or too high pH alter the
functioning of enzymes and the transport of nutrients into the cell.
moisture content
the water activity (aw) of most fresh foods is above 0.99 and B.
subtilis for example can grow at minimum 0.95. The minimum aw
reported for B. cereus growth is 0.91 to 0.96 in fried rice5.
Temperature and nutrients might permit growth at lower values of aw:
the range of aw over which growth occurs is greatest at the optimum
temperature for growth and the presence of nutrients increases the
range of aw over which the organisms can grow. A low aw increases
length of the lag phase of growth and decreases the growth rate.
oxidation-reduction
generally the members of the genus Bacillus prefer a positive Eh
potential Eh
values (oxidized) for growth.
nutrient content
includes the presence of water, source of energy (such as sugars and
amino acids), source of nitrogen (like amino acids), vitamins and
related growth factors and minerals.
antimicrobial constituents
Includes essential oils in plants (like eugenol in cloves, allicin in
and food preservatives
garlic, thymol in sage and oregano, etc), lysozyme in eggs and milk,
lactoferrin in milk, etc. Food preservatives affecting spore formers
include nisin, benzoate, sorbate.
biological structure
the natural covering of some foods provides protection against the
entry of spoilage organisms (i.e. testa of seeds, shells of eggs, of nuts,
the skin, etc). Presence of organic matter may protect bacteria from
the action of disinfectants.
Extrinsic parameters4
temperature of storage
Generally, a temperature lower than 4-7C or higher than 55C would
impede the growth of any member from B. cereus or B. subtilis group.
(Table 1 and Table 6).
relative humidity of
When the aw of a food is for example 0.6, it is important to store it
environment
under conditions that prevent the food absorbing moisture.
presence and concentration CO2 is the most important atmospheric gas that is used to control
M. Salkinoja-Salonen,
Bacillukset
of gases
microorganisms
in foods.
Bacillus sp. are among the most sensitive
microorganisms
to
CO
2 relative to modified atmosphere packaging
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
soila
waterb
foodc
mammalian
gutd
+t
insect
gute
+
+
earth worm
gutf
+
+
Stenfors Arnesen et al., 2008; P ov et al., 2003; Kajikazawa et al., 2007; Frederiksen et al.,
plant rhizosphere
or endophyteg
+
+
+
+
+
+
Jensen et al., 2003; Okunishi et al., 2005; Saile and Koehler, 2006; Jafra et al., 2006;
transient
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
Size (bp)
Number of
genes
Links
Reference
5224283
5411809
5300915
4087024
5300915
5603
5234
5134
4165
5269
Bacillus cereus on erittin heterogeeninen ryhm, vaikka sen jsenten erotteleminen toisistaan
morfologisin tai biokemiallisin tuntomerkein on hankalaa. Tss taulussa on mainittu testej, joita
kytetn patogeenisten (ala)lajien erottelemiseen muista.
Gamma-faagia pidetn spesifin B. anthracis-lajille, mutta gammafaagille herkki B. cereus kantoja
on mm. lydetty meijerien koticereuksista. Niiden ei ole havattu tuottavan B. anthracikselle
ominaisia toksiineja (letaali toksiini ja dema-toksiini). B. anthracis- lajia eniten muistuttavat
oksetustoksiinia (kereulidi) tuottavat B. cereus kannat, jotka ovat negatiivisia (tai melkein
negatiivisia) hemolyysitestiss kuten B. anthracis.
B. mycoides ja B. pseudomycoides eivt tiettvsti ole aiheuttaneet ruokamyrkytyksi.
Phenotypic traits useful to differentiate within the members of B. cereus group
Species
haemolysis
motility
+
+
-
parasporal
inclusion
+
-
susceptibility
to penicillin
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
B. weihenstephanensis
colony
morphology
white
white
white/grey
rhizoid
white/cream,
rhizoidal
white
growth
temperature (C)
4-55
15-40
10-45
10-40
15-40
lysis by
gamma phage
+
-
7-38
*Distinguished from B. mycoides by differences in whole cell fatty acid composition 12:0 iso and 13:0
anteiso levels and from B. cereus by differences in 12:0 iso, 12:0, 15:0 iso and 16:0 (Nakamura, 1998).
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
Pyyhkisyelektronimikroskooppi
(SEM) kuvia B. cereus bakteerin
itiist tarttuneena terslevyn
pintaan. Vasemmassa kuvassa nkyy
terspinnan rakeisuus (rae-rajat).
Ranad Shaheen, 2008.
Table Characteristic of cereulide producing B. cereus spores tested in paper III and IV
Kereulidia (B. cereus
Number of
Cereulide
Cereulide
bakteerin tuottama
Lhde: Ranad Shaheen, vitskirja,
cereulide
nonproducing
Helsingin Yliopisto, Diss Biocentr. Molec.
producing strains oksetustoksiini)
producing B.
B. cereus
Univ Helsigiensis in Viikki 34/2009
out of those tested tuottavat kannat
cereus
poikkeavat muista B.
Resistant to heat at 90 C:
cereus kannoista
D (min) value
370
90
17/81
25-120
25-30
17/81
siin, ett niiden itit
(min) value
4
17/81
log 10 viability loss after 120 min 1
kestvt kuumenat 90 C
nusta ja lipepesua
Log10 (N0/N) germination at 7
C after 7 days
Log10 (N0/N) germination at 30
C after 50 min
0.2
1.8-2
17/81
1.8
1.8-2.5
17/81
11.4 - 13.6
1.4 - 2.5
1.1- 67
0.1-5
3/20
3/20
3.3
3.5
1.3- 25
0.4- 5.9
1/6
1/6
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
moninkertaisesti
enemmn kuin
tavalliset ripulitauteja aiheuttavat B.
cereus kannat.
Erityisen hankalaa on
niiden suuri sietokyky
kuumalle lipepesulle
ja typpihappohuuhtelulle, jotka
ovat mm. meijerien
kyttmi laitteiston
puhdistusmenetelmi
10
10
Pmy/ml
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Kuumennusaika, minuutteja
10
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
11
Trkkelyksen
hydrolyysikyky
(amylolyyttisyys) on
yleens positiivinen sek
B. cereus ryhmn ett B.
subtilis ryhmn
bakteereilla.
salisiini
13
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
14
15
Species
soila
waterb
foodc
mammalian
gutd
+
insect
gute
+
industrial
fermentationsf
+
+
in rhizosphere or as
endophyte of plantsg
+
+
+
+
+
+
Knig H. 2006
Idriss et al., 2002; Bacon and Hinton, 2001; Mano et al., 2006; Park et al., 2007
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
16
17
Testisoluna ihmisen
paksusuolen
adenokarsinoomasolu
(CACO2)
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
18
106
105
Conductance, nS / cm2
Permeability ratio
of channels for
cations over
anions:
104
103
102
101
100
10-1
0.1
Concentration, micrg / ml
30
Cl- = 3.5
ion channels
25
KCl
Voltage across
the membrane
NaCl
NaCl
20
mV
KCl
15
CaCl2
10
5
CaCl2
0.0
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Caco2
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21 MS/MS
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
LPS
21
22
Basillukset
ja
standardit
Bacillus cereuksen
mrittmiseen
elintarvikkeista on
kaksi ISO
standardia: SFSEN ISO 7932
(vieress) ja
ISO-EN 21871:
Microbiology of food
and animal feeding
stuffs horixzontal
method for the
determination of
presumptive Bacillus
cereus. Most
probable number
(MPN) technique
and detection
method. Colony
counting technique
at 30 C. 2005
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
23
Bacillus itit ovat vaikeita desinfioitavia. Itiihin puree glutaari- ja opaali-aldehydit. Vaikutus riippuu
pH:sta ja vaikutusajan tulee olla pitk. Myrkyllisten jmien vuoksi nm aineet eivt sovellu
elintarvikeiden ksittely ympristn.
Escherichia coli
pH 4
1
0,1
pH 7,9
0,01
Glutaaridialdehydi 2%
Glutaaridialdehydi, 0,0044%
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
perfringens
K sittelyl
mptila
Peretikkahapon
-1
pitoisuus mg l
C
5
20
40
5
20
40
5
200
400
>60
>60
40
>60
10
10
>60
>60
>60
10
40
5
1
10
20
40
>60
2,5
10
1
Bacillus cereuksen itit ovat viel kestvmpi kuin Bacillus subtiliksen. Elintarvike- ja
pakkausteollisuudessa kytetn itiiden desinfiointiin vetyperoksidia (paras teho tulee
lmmitettyn), ja peretikkahappoa, jota myydn etikkahapon, peretikkahapon ja
vetyperoksidin tasapainoseoksena. Nist ei j myrkyllisi jmi ympristn.
Kereulidia tuottavien B. cereus kantojen itit ovat vielkin kestvmpi kuin muiden B.
cereusten.
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
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M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
Itiiden desinfiointiin
myytvn aineen
sporisidinen (=itiit
tappava) teho on
mitattava
standardoiduilla
menetelmill.
Elintarvikeymprists
s kytettviksi
aiottujen aineiden
tehot tutkitaan
oheisilla
standardeilla,
testieliin on
standardin mukaan
kytettv B. subtilis
DSM347 (=ATCC6633)
tai B. cereus
CIP105151 (=ATCC
12826) itiit. Pintojen desinfiointiin
tarkoiteuille
sporisideille on
erilliset menetelmt.
26
M. Salkinoja-Salonen, Bacillukset
elintarvikkeissa 2011 11 21
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