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Tubifex worm as live feed in Aquaculture
- 2. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Order Oligochaeta Family Tubificidae Species T. tubifex Genus Tubifex Binomial name Tubifex tubifex12/22/2020 2
- 3. MORPHOLOGY Long, slender , no distinct head Body segments ranged 34 -120 There are many species; most are red Eyespots absent That may grow up to 20 cm in length 12/22/2020 3
- 4. a. First segment showing triangular prostomium (P) a b. Segment bearing anus b 12/22/2020 4
- 5. c. Second segment showing periostomium (Pe) d. Setae in dorso-lateral position (HC- hair setae, PC- pectinate setae) c d 12/22/2020 5
- 6. e.Setae in ventro-lateral position (BC- bifid setae) e 12/22/2020 6
- 7. TUBIFEX WORMS AS LIVE FISH FEED Can feed • Juveniles • Varieties of ornamental fish • Prawns 12/22/2020 7
- 8. TUBIFEX WORMS PROXIMATE COMPOSITION Components % dry matter protein 50-60 ( min) Fat 10 (min) Fiber 2-5 (max) Moisture 4 (max) Phosphorous 0.1 (max) Ash 0.1 (max) Protein amino acid mg/L Lysin 12.0 Histidine 9.1 Argenine 8.1 Alanine 11.7 Specially known for amino acid availability 12/22/2020 8
- 9. Tubifex contains much protein and is rich on fat 12/22/2020 9
- 10. • Tubifex is hermaphroditic, each individual has both male (testes) and female (ovaries) organs. • These minute reproductive organs attached to the ventral side of the body wall in the ceolomic cavity and are clearly seen in mature specimens. • In mature specimens, the reproductive organs are clearly found on the ventral side of the body. REPRODUCTION OF TUBIFEX WORMS 12/22/2020 10
- 11. • Male and female organs mature at different times; thus self-fertilization is avoided, and cross fertilization is encouraged . • Two mature Tubifex worms undergo copulation by joining their ventral and anterior surfaces together with their anterior ends pointing opposite directions. • Sperms of one worm are passes into the spermathecae of the other worm by penial setae of one Tubifex worm. COPULATION AND COCOON FORMATION 12/22/2020 11
- 12. • After copulation, Tubifex worm separate and begin to produce egg cases (cocoons) containing eggs in clitellum. • The case contains both sperms and ova. After fertilization several eggs are formed in the cocoon. • Fertilized eggs undergo development in the cocoon by utilizing the albuminous nutritive fluid for growth. • Period of development varies with temperature and lasts for 2 to 3 weeks. After complete development, young worms come out of cocoon. 12/22/2020 12
- 13. Reproductive system of Tubifex tubifex The cocoon 12/22/2020 13
- 14. CULTURE OF TUBIFEX WORMS Tubifex mass culture in container: Prepare Tubifex bed with 50-75 mm thick mud Obtain Tubifex worm Inoculate Tubifex worms in the container of Tubifex bed Collect the Tubifex Clean and remove the residual mud in the worm 12/22/2020 14
- 15. Rectangular plastic containers Collecting muds 12/22/2020 15
- 16. TUBIFEX WORMS COLLECTION • For collection of worms the places containing dense populations should be selected. • Upper layer of soil mud in Tubifex worms should be removed by hand or by shovel and collected in a bucket. 12/22/2020 16
- 17. • A heap of collected mud should be placed on a hapa-material with surface area 9–10 square feet and small-particle fractions of mud should be washed out trough a fine mesh size material with continuous rinsing (shaking) cloth in water. • This procedure can be done most effectively by two workers standing opposite to each other. Harvesting tubifex worms 12/22/2020 17
- 19. DRAWBACKS OF TUBIFEX WORMS • Transmitting Parasitic Diseases • Can still be vectors for Whirling Disease. • Established as a pest Precautions 12/22/2020 19 • Lack of tubifex worm purity
- 20. 12/22/2020 20 References Mandall, R. N., Kar, S., Chakrabarti, P. P., Chattopadhyay, D. N., Paul, B. N., Adhikari, S., ... & Pillai, B. R. (2018). Production of tubifex-a new dimension of aquaculture in feeding juvenile fish. Aquaculture Asia Magazine, 22(3), 19-22. Marian, M. P., & Pandian, T. J. (1984). Culture and harvesting techniques for Tubifex tubifex. Aquaculture, 42(3-4), 303-315. Goldstein, R. J., Harper, R. W., & Edwards, R. (2000). American aquarium fishes (No. 28). Texas A&M University Press. Oplinger, R. W., Bartley, M., & Wagner, E. J. (2011). Culture of Tubifex tubifex: effect of feed type, ration, temperature, and density on juvenile recruitment, production, and adult survival. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 73(1), 68-75. Reynoldson, T. B., Rodriguez, P., & Madrid, M. M. (1996). A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations of Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) from the North American Great Lakes and Northern Spain. In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology VI (pp. 199-206). Springer, Dordrecht. Gilbert, M. A., & Granath Jr, W. O. (2001). Persistent infection of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease, in Tubifex tubifex. Journal of Parasitology, 87(1), 101-107. Rodriguez, P., Martinez-Madrid, M., Arrate, J. A., & Navarro, E. (2001). Selective feeding by the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Tubificidae, Clitellata). Hydrobiologia, 463(1-3), 133-140.
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